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Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2002, pp. 245-257
© 2002 Society of Pediatric Psychology

Interactive Effects of Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behaviors on Recurrent Pain in Children

Inka Vaalamo, MPsych1,2, Lea Pulkkinen, PhD1, Taru Kinnunen, PhD1,3, Jaakko Kaprio, MD4 and Richard J. Rose, PhD5

1 University of Jyväskylä, Finland, 2 Psychiatric Clinic of Kankaanpää, Hospital District of Satakunta, Finland, 3 Harvard Medical School, 4 University of Helsinki and University of Oulu, Finland, 5 Indiana University

All correspondence should be sent to Inka Vaalamo, Ämmätsäntie 18, 36840 Pohja, Finland. E-mail: ievaalam{at}hotmail.com .

Objective: To examine, in children, relationships between self-reported recurrent pain and emotion regulation indicated by rated internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors and adjustment.

Method: Finnish 11-12-year-old schoolchildren (N = 414) completed a questionnaire measuring recurrent pain. Emotion regulation was assessed by a Multidimensional Peer Nomination Inventory, Teacher Rating Form. Relationships between recurrent pain and emotion regulation were examined in logistic regression analyses, after controlling for past injuries and chronic illnesses.

Results: Independent of injuries and chronic illnesses, externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors related to recurrent pain, and more so together than separately. Gender differences were found; constructive behavior associated with recurrent pain only in girls.

Conclusions: Low self-control of emotions, indicated by internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, was related to pain in both boys and girls; high self-control of emotions, indicated by constructive behavior, associated with pain only in girls.

Key words: recurrent pain; emotion regulation; externalizing problem behavior; internalizing problem behavior.


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