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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access originally published online on April 12, 2005
Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2006 31(1):71-84; doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj025
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

Aggression at Age 5 as a Function of Prenatal Exposure to Cocaine, Gender, and Environmental Risk

Margaret Bendersky, PhD1, David Bennett, PhD2 and Michael Lewis, PhD3

1 Institute for the Study of Child Development, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School,2 Department of Psychiatry, Drexel University College of Medicine,3 Institute for the Study of Child Development

All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Margaret Bendersky, PhD or Michael Lewis, PhD., Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 97 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903. E-mail: bendersk{at}umdnj.edu.

Objective To examine childhood aggression at age 5 in a multiple risk model that includes cocaine exposure, environmental risk, and gender as predictors. Methods Aggression was assessed in 206 children by using multiple methods including teacher report, parent report, child’s response to hypothetical provocations, and child’s observed behavior. Also examined was a composite score that reflected high aggression across contexts. Results Multiple regression analyses indicated that a significant amount of variance in each of the aggression measures and the composite was explained by the predictors. The variables that were independently related differed depending on the outcome. Cocaine exposure, gender, and environmental risk were all related to the composite aggression score. Conclusions Cocaine exposure, being male, and a high-risk environment were all predictive of aggressive behavior at 5 years. It is this group of exposed boys at high environmental risk that is most likely to show continued aggression over time.

Key words: aggression; cocaine exposure; environmental risk.


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