Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access originally published online on April 20, 2005
Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2006 31(1):98-115; doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj028
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Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Children’s Language Functioning at 6 and 9.5 Years: Moderating Effects of Child Age, Birthweight, and Gender
1 Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School & Children’s Hospital, 2 Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 3 Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, and 4 Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Children’s Hospital
All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Marjorie Beeghly, Harvard Medical School & Children’s Hospital, Child Development Unit, 1295 Boylston Street, Suite 320, Boston, Massachusetts 02215. E-mail: marjorie.beeghly{at}childrens.harvard.edu.
Objective To evaluate whether prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), or the interaction between PCE and contextual variables, is associated with children’s language at age 6 and 9.5 years, adjusting for relevant covariates. Methods Analyses were based on 160 low-income, urban children from a prospective study who completed a standardized language assessment at 6 and 9.5 years. PCE was determined using neonatal meconium assays and maternal self-report. Results Significant interaction effects of PCE on language outcomes were found in multivariate longitudinal analyses using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Children with PCE had lower receptive language than unexposed children at 6 but not at 9.5 years, lower expressive language if they had lower birthweight, and lower expressive and total language if they were female. Other risk (e.g., violence exposure) and protective factors (e.g., preschool experience) were related to language outcomes regardless of PCE status. Conclusions Age, birthweight, and gender moderated the relation between PCE and school-aged children’s language.
Key words: birthweight; elementary school-aged children; gender; prenatal cocaine exposure; preschool experience; receptive and expressive language development; violence exposure.
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