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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access originally published online on January 28, 2008
Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2008 33(6):621-629; doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm133
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Family Burden and Parental Distress Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and its Relationship to Post-concussive Symptoms*

Kalaichelvi Ganesalingam, PhD1,2, Keith Owen Yeates, PhD1,2, Melissa Susan Ginn, BA1, H. Gerry Taylor, PhD3, Ann Dietrich, MD2,4, Kathy Nuss, MD2,4 and Martha Wright, MD3

1The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 2Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, 3Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, and Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, and 4Department of Emergency Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital

All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Kalaichelvi Ganesalingam, PhD, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA. E-mail: Kalaichelvi.Ganesalingam{at}nationwidechildrens.org


  Abstract

Objective: To examine the relationship of mild traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and post-concussive symptoms (PCS) to post injury family burden and parental distress, using data from a prospective, longitudinal study.

Methods: Participants included 71 children with mild TBI with loss of consciousness (LOC), 110 with mild TBI without LOC, and 97 controls with orthopedic injuries not involving the head (OI), and their parents. Shortly after injury, parents and children completed a PCS interview and questionnaire, and parents rated premorbid family functioning. Parents also rated family burden and parental distress shortly after injury and at 3 months post injury.

Results: Mild TBI with LOC was associated with greater family burden at 3 months than OI, independent of socioeconomic status and premorbid family functioning. Higher PCS shortly after injury was related to higher ratings of family burden and distress at 3 months.

Conclusions: Mild TBI are associated with family burden and distress more than mild injuries not involving the head, although PCS may influence post injury family burden and distress more than the injury per se. Clinical implications of the current findings are noted in the Discussion section.

Key words: children; family burden; mild traumatic brain injury; parental distress; post-concussive symptoms.

*A preliminary version of this article was presented at the annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society in Portland, Oregon, February, 2007.

Received May 10, 2007; revision received December 7, 2007; accepted December 15, 2007


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