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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access originally published online on August 1, 2008
Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2009 34(3):328-337; doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn083
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

ADHD Subtypes and Comorbid Anxiety, Depression, and Oppositional-Defiant Disorder: Differences in Sleep Problems

Susan Dickerson Mayes, PhD, Susan L. Calhoun, PhD, Edward O. Bixler, PhD, Alexandros N. Vgontzas, MD, Fauzia Mahr, MD, Jolene Hillwig-Garcia, MD, Belal Elamir, MD, Linda Edhere-Ekezie, MD and Matthew Parvin, MD

Department of Psychiatry, The Penn State College of Medicine

All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Susan D. Mayes, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. E-mail: smayes{at}psu.edu


  Abstract

Objective Sleep problems were analyzed in children with ADHD (Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder). Methods Scales were completed by parents of 135 control children and 681 children with ADHD combined type (ADHD-C) or inattentive type (ADHD-I) with or without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety, or depression. Results Children with ADHD-I alone had the fewest sleep problems and did not differ from controls. Children with ADHD-C had more sleep problems than controls and children with ADHD-I. Comorbid anxiety/depression increased sleep problems, whereas ODD did not. Daytime sleepiness was greatest in ADHD-I and was associated with sleeping more (not less) than normal. Medicated children had greater difficulty falling asleep than unmedicated children. Conclusions Differences in sleep problems were found as a function of ADHD subtype, comorbidity, and medication.

Key words: ADHD, anxiety; depression; sleep; medication; oppositional-defiant disorder.

Received March 1, 2008; revision received June 6, 2008; accepted July 12, 2008


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