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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access published online on February 7, 2008
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn008
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Early Childhood Risk Factors Associated with Daytime Wetting and Soiling in School-age Children

Carol Joinson, PhD1, Jon Heron, PhD2, Alexander von Gontard, MD3, Ursula Butler, MRCPH4, Jean Golding, PhD,5 and Alan Emond, MD, FRCP, FRCPCH5

1Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, 2Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, 3Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, 4Sheffield Children's; NHS Foundation Trust, and 5Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol

All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr Carol Joinson, ALSPAC-Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK. E-mail: carol.joinson{at}bristol.ac.uk


  Abstract

Objective To examine the impact of a range of early childhood factors on the risk for daytime wetting and soiling. Methods This is a longitudinal study based on a UK population of over 10,000 children from age 4 to 9 years. Parents completed questionnaires on child development (at 18 months); child temperament (24 months); maternal depression/anxiety (21 months), and parenting behaviors (24 months). The analysis examined whether these risk factors distinguish between children with normal development of daytime bladder and bowel control and those with delayed acquisition of daytime continence; persistent daytime wetting/soiling, and relapse in wetting/soiling. Results Delayed development, difficult temperament, and maternal depression/anxiety were associated with an increase in the odds of experiencing problems with bladder and bowel control. Conclusions The current findings provide evidence that risk factors in early childhood are associated with a subsequent increase in the odds of children experiencing daytime wetting and soiling at school age.

Key words: ALSPAC; bladder and bowel control; child development; daytime wetting; developmental trajectory; longitudinal study; maternal depression; soiling.

Received September 4, 2007; revision received January 18, 2008; accepted January 18, 2008


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