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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access published online on July 24, 2009

Journal of Pediatric Psychology, doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp060
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Behavioral Parent Training as an Adjunct to Routine Care in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Moderators of Treatment Response

Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker, MA1, Maaike H. Nauta, PhD1,2, Lianne van der Veen-Mulders, MA1, Sjoerd Sytema, PhD1, Paul M. G. Emmelkamp, PhD3, Ruud B. Minderaa, MD, PhD1 and Pieter J. Hoekstra, MD, PhD1

1Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, 2Department of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, University of Groningen and 3Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam

All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker, University Center of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, P.O. Box 660, 9700 AR Groningen, The Netherlands. E-mail: b.van.den.hoofdakker{at}accare.nl


   Abstract

Objective To investigate predictors and moderators of outcome of behavioral parent training (BPT) as adjunct to ongoing routine clinical care (RCC), versus RCC alone. Methods We randomly assigned 94 referred children (4–12 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to BPT plus RCC or RCC alone. Outcome was based on parent-reported behavioral problems and ADHD symptoms. Predictor/moderator variables included children's IQ, age, and comorbidity profile, and maternal ADHD, depression, and parenting self-efficacy. Results Superior BPT treatment effects on behavioral problems and ADHD symptoms were present in children with no or single-type comorbidity—anxiety/depression or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)/conduct disorder (CD)—and when mothers had high parenting self-efficacy, but absent in children with broad comorbidity (anxiety/depression and ODD/CD) and when mothers had low parenting self-efficacy. In older children ADHD symptoms tended to decrease more through BPT than in younger children. Conclusions Adjunctive BPT is most useful when mothers have high parenting self-efficacy and in children with no or single-type comorbidity.

Key words: ADHD; moderator; parent training; predictor; randomized controlled trial..

Received December 22, 2008; revision received June 17, 2009; accepted June 27, 2009


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