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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access published online on August 14, 2009
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp062
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Brief Report: Parents and Nurses’ Behaviors Associated with Child Distress during Routine Immunization in a Portuguese Population

Helga Pedro, MS phd1, Luísa Barros, phd1 and Carla Moleiro, phd2

1University of Lisbon and 2Lisbon University Institute

All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Luísa Barros, Faculdade de Psicologia, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa. E-mail: lbarros{at}fp.ul.pt


  Abstract

Objectives To explore the behaviors of parents and nurses during the immunization process and their association with children's distress and coping in a sample of Portuguese preschool-aged children; to identify similarities and differences in the behavior of parents, nurses, and children, as well as in the relation between adults’ behaviors and child distress and coping, with those previously identified by the Interactive Model of Acute Child Distress, from Blount et al. (1992). Method A total of nine nurses, 89 children aged 3–6, and their parents participated. Behaviors were videotaped and scored according to CAMPIS-R operational definitions. Measures of parents and nurses’ ratings of children's distress and of child-rated distress were obtained. Results Our results show not only similarities, but also important divergences from previous research. New adult codes were proposed. Only two new codes, and another code previously considered neutral, significantly contributed to explain the association between adult and child behavior. Conclusions Portuguese nurses and parents’ behaviors during immunization show some important cultural differences.

Key words: anxiety; children; pain; professional training..

Received October 15, 2008; revision received June 1, 2009; accepted June 1, 2009


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