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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access published online on September 7, 2009
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp065
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Longitudinal Evaluation of Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior Problems Following Iron Deficiency in Infancy

Feyza Corapci, PhD1,*, Agustin Calatroni, MS1, Niko Kaciroti, PhD1, Elias Jimenez, MD3 and Betsy Lozoff, MD1,2

1Center for Human Growth and Development, 2Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, and 3Hospital Nacional de Niños

All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Betsy Lozoff, MD, Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0406, USA. E-mail: blozoff{at}umich.edu


  Abstract

Objective This study examined externalizing and internalizing behavior problem trajectories as a function of both iron status in infancy and infant characteristics. Methods A sample of 185 healthy Costa Rican children who either had chronic, severe iron deficiency or good iron status in infancy were followed for 19 years. Results Mother ratings of externalizing and internalizing problems from age 5 to 11–14 years were higher for the chronic iron deficiency group compared with those with the good iron status. Iron deficiency in infancy predicted persisting externalizing problems over this time period, especially for those with low physical activity in infancy. Beyond adolescence, youth in the chronic iron deficiency group did not report more problems than those in the good iron group. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of considering infant iron status along with early behavioral characteristics to better identify those children at greatest risk for persisting long-term behavior problems.

Key words: behavior problems; longitudinal design; infant characteristics; iron deficiency..

*Present address: Feyza Corapci, Psychology Department, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; Agustin Calatroni, Rho Inc., Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Elias Jimenez, Hospital CIMA-San Jose, Costa Rica.

Received January 20, 2009; revision received July 6, 2009; accepted July 7, 2009


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