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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access originally published online on February 23, 2005
Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2005 30(4):319-332; doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsi027
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Journal of Pediatric Psychology vol. 30 no. 4 © Society of Pediatric Psychology 2005; all rights reserved.

On the Measurement of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescence: Comparisons of the mFTQ and a DSM-IV–Based Scale

Denise Kandel, PhD1,2,3, Christine Schaffran, MA1,3, Pamela Griesler, PhD1,3, Jessica Samuolis, PhD2, Mark Davies, MPH2,3 and Rosaria Galanti, MD, PhD4

1 Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 2 Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 3 New York State Psychiatric Institute, and 4 Centre for Tobacco Prevention, Stockholm Centre of Public Health, Sweden, and Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden

All correspondence should be sent to Denise Kandel, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 20, New York, New York 11104. E-mail: dbk2{at}columbia.edu.

Received December 18, 2003; revisions received May 24, 2004; accepted July 6, 2004

Objective To compare nicotine-dependent smokers identified by the modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ) and a scale based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), in a multiethnic adolescent sample. Methods A school survey was conducted on 6th- to 10th-grade students (N = 15,007) in a large urban public school system. Results The two scales formed two distinct factors. The concordance between the two classifications of nicotine dependence was low. The DSM identified a much larger number of nicotine-dependent smokers than the mFTQ, mostly because smokers met dependence criteria at much lower levels of cigarettes consumed, especially when they were depressed. Rates of dependence were higher among whites than minority-group members, especially African Americans. Control for level of cigarette consumption attenuated or eliminated ethnic differences. Conclusions This investigation provides some understanding of youths defined as dependent by each scale but cannot by itself indicate which scale better measures dependence. Differences in dependence rates among ethnic groups are accounted for mostly by quantity of cigarettes smoked.

Key words: adolescence; nicotine dependence; mFTQ; DSM-IV nicotine dependence; depressive symptoms; ethnicity.


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