Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access originally published online on March 3, 2005
Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2006 31(2):139-151; doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsi079
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The Impact of Self-Control Indices on Peer Smoking and Adolescent Smoking Progression
1 University of Pennsylvania and 2 Georgetown University Medical Center
All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Janet Audrain-McGovern, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 4100, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104. E-mail: audrain{at}mail.med.upenn.edu.
Received June 15, 2004; revisions received September 10, 2004 and November 4, 2004; accepted November 12, 2004
Objective To determine the direct impact of self-control variables on baseline smoking and smoking progression and determine whether self-control had indirect effects on smoking practices through effects on peer smoking. Methods Study participants were 918 adolescents who were followed from 9th through the 12th grade and completed self-report measures of peer smoking, self-control, and cigarette smoking. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to assess the factor structure of a 41-item self-control measure. The EFA indicated a six-factor structure comprising of impulsive control, planning, hostile blaming, attentional disregulation, conscientiousness, and physical aggression. Results The results of a latent growth model indicated that conscientiousness (OR = 0.81, CI = 0.73–0.90), hostile blaming (OR = 0.89, CI = 0.81–0.99), and physical aggression (OR = 1.16, CI = 1.06–1.27) had direct effects on baseline smoking, whereas planning (OR = 0.90, CI = 0.82–0.99) and impulse control (OR = 1.15, CI = 1.02–1.28) had indirect effects on adolescent smoking at baseline through baseline peer smoking. There were no significant direct or indirect effects of the self-control indices on smoking progression. There was a direct effect of peer smoking progression (number of peers who smoked) on adolescent smoking progression, such that increases in the number of peers who smoked across time increased the odds that an adolescent would progress to a higher level of smoking. Conclusions Youth smoking prevention and intervention program outcomes may potentially improve by addressing self-control behaviors as they appear to have direct effects on smoking and indirect effects through peers who smoke.
Key words: adolescents; self-control; smoking.
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