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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access originally published online on December 20, 2006
Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2007 32(5):527-541; doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsl047
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Psychological and Cognitive Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Petra A. Karsdorp, MA1, Walter Everaerd, PhD1, Merel Kindt, PhD1 and Barbara J.M. Mulder, MD, PhD2

1University of Amsterdam, and 2Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to P.A. Karsdorp, Department of Clinical, Medical and Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands. E-mail: P.Karsdorp{at}DMKEP.unimaas.nl


  Abstract

Objective Findings in the literature are inconsistent on the impact of congenital heart disease (CHD) on the psychological and cognitive functioning of children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to systematically review this empirical body of literature. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis to review studies on behavior problems and cognitive functioning in CHD. Results Only older children and adolescents with CHD displayed an increased risk of overall, internalizing, and to a lesser extent externalizing behavior problems. In addition, patients with severe CHD exhibited lower cognitive functioning than patients with less severe CHD, specifically with respect to performance intelligence. Moreover, decreased cognitive functioning remained relatively stable across different age groups. Conclusions Children with severe heart disease may benefit from interventions specifically targeting perceptual organizational abilities, such as visual–spatial abilities. Moreover, older children and adolescents with CHD may benefit from psychological interventions reducing anxiety symptoms and depression.

Key words: cognitive functioning; congenital heart disease; meta-analysis; pediatric chronic illness; psychopathology.

Received November 7, 2005; revision received April 15, 2006; accepted November 3, 2006


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