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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access published online on February 23, 2005
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsi062
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Journal of Pediatric Psychology © Society of Pediatric Psychology 2005; all rights reserved.
Received January 15, 2004
Revised July 3, 2004
Accepted July 14, 2004

Article

A Comparison of Distraction Strategies for Venipuncture Distress in Children

Jill E. MacLaren MA1 and Lindsey L. Cohen PhD2*

1 West Virginia University and
2 Georgia State University

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Lindsey L. Cohen, E-mail: psyllc{at}langate.gsu.edu


  Abstract

Objective To compare the effects of two pediatric venipuncture distress-management distraction strategies that differed in the degree to which they required children’s interaction. Methods Eighty-eight 1- to 7-year-old children receiving venipuncture were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: interactive toy distraction, passive movie distraction, or standard care. Distress was examined via parent, nurse, self-report (children over 4 years), and observational coding. Engagement in distraction was assessed via observational coding. Results Children in the passive condition were more distracted and less distressed than children in the interactive condition. Although children in the interactive condition were more distracted than standard care children, there were no differences in distress between these groups. Conclusions Despite literature that suggests that interactive distraction should lower distress more than passive distraction, results indicate that a passive strategy might be most effective for children’s venipuncture. It is possible that children’s distress interfered with their ability to interact with the distractor.

Keywords: distraction; pain; distress; venipuncture; intervention.
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