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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access published online on April 20, 2005
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj028
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Journal of Pediatric Psychology © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Received January 5, 2004
Revised September 21, 2004
Accepted December 14, 2004

Article

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Children’s Language Functioning at 6 and 9.5 Years: Moderating Effects of Child Age, Birthweight, and Gender

Marjorie Beeghly PhD1*, Brett Martin MS2, Ruth Rose-Jacobs ScD3, Howard Cabral PhD2, Tim Heeren PhD2, Marilyn Augustyn MD3, David Bellinger PhD4, and Deborah A. Frank MD3

1 Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School & Children’s Hospital,
2 Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health,
3 Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, and
4 Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Children’s Hospital

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Marjorie Beeghly, E-mail: marjorie.beeghly{at}childrens.harvard.edu


  Abstract

Objective To evaluate whether prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), or the interaction between PCE and contextual variables, is associated with children’s language at age 6 and 9.5 years, adjusting for relevant covariates. Methods Analyses were based on 160 low-income, urban children from a prospective study who completed a standardized language assessment at 6 and 9.5 years. PCE was determined using neonatal meconium assays and maternal self-report. Results Significant interaction effects of PCE on language outcomes were found in multivariate longitudinal analyses using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Children with PCE had lower receptive language than unexposed children at 6 but not at 9.5 years, lower expressive language if they had lower birthweight, and lower expressive and total language if they were female. Other risk (e.g., violence exposure) and protective factors (e.g., preschool experience) were related to language outcomes regardless of PCE status. Conclusions Age, birthweight, and gender moderated the relation between PCE and school-aged children’s language.

Keywords: birthweight; elementary school-aged children; gender; prenatal cocaine exposure; preschool experience; receptive and expressive language development; violence exposure.
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