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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access published online on July 7, 2005
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj041
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Journal of Pediatric Psychology © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Received September 19, 2004
Revised May 27, 2005
Accepted June 7, 2005

Article

Smoking During Pregnancy: Association with Childhood Temperament, Behavior, and Academic Performance

Roy P. Martin PhD1, Stefan C. Dombrowski PhD2*, Cynthia Mullis PhD3, Joseph Wisenbaker PhD1, and Matti O. Huttunen MD4

1 University of Georgia
2 Rider University
3 University of Wisconsin at Whitewater
4 University of Helsinki; Finnish Institute of Mental Health

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Stefan C. Dombrowski, E-mail: sdombrowski{at}rider.edu


  Abstract

Objective This study investigated the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ratings of offspring’s temperament, behavior, and academic performance at various developmental periods in childhood. Methods Multivariate analyses of a birth cohort examined the outcomes for children on measures of temperament, behavior, and academic performance in infancy (6 months), at age 5, and at age 12. Results When controlling for maternal psychiatric hospitalization, psychological distress during pregnancy, hospitalization for accidents, socioeconomic status, age, and symptoms of upper respiratory infection and nausea, a range of associations between maternal smoking and child outcomes were observed at different ages studied. Conclusion Despite widespread warning regarding smoking cessation during pregnancy, the literature base on the longer-term effects beyond the neonatal and infant period is less available. This is one of the first studies to investigate the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and child outcomes at several stages of development. The results provide evidence for the lasting effects of smoking during pregnancy on the development of the child.

Keywords: behavior; child outcomes; pregnancy; smoking; temperament.
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