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Journal of Pediatric Psychology Advance Access published online on October 18, 2007
Journal of Pediatric Psychology, doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm086
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Caffeine Consumption, Sleep, and Affect in the Natural Environments of Depressed Youth and Healthy Controls*

Diana Y. Whalen, BS1,2, Jennifer S. Silk, PhD1,2, Mara Semel, MS2, Erika E. Forbes, PhD1,2, Neal D. Ryan, MD2, David A. Axelson, MD2, Boris Birmaher, MD2 and Ronald E. Dahl, MD1,2

1Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh and 2Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jennifer S. Silk, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260. E-mail: silkj{at}upmc.edu


  Abstract

Objective Sleep problems are a cardinal symptom of depression in children and adolescents and caffeine use is a prevalent and problematic issue in youth; yet little is known about caffeine use and its effects on sleep in youth with depression. We examined caffeine use and its relation to sleep and affect in youth's natural environments. Methods Thirty youth with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 23 control youth reported on caffeine use, sleep, and affect in their natural environment using ecological momentary assessment at baseline and over 8 weeks, while MDD youth received treatment. Results Youth with MDD reported more caffeine use and sleep problems relative to healthy youth. Youth with MDD reported more anxiety on days they consumed caffeine. Caffeine use among youth with MDD decreased across treatment, but sleep complaints remained elevated. Conclusions Findings suggest that both sleep quality and caffeine use are altered in pediatric depression; that caffeine use, but not sleep problems, improves with treatment; and that caffeine may exacerbate daily anxiety among youth with depression.

Key words: caffeine; depression; ecological momentary assessment; sleep.

*A portion of this data was presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meeting, March–April 2007, Boston, MA, USA.

Received May 3, 2007; revision received August 23, 2007; accepted August 24, 2007


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